Agenda What is Authentication and Authorization? Authentication is done by obtaining a valid username and password on an internet or intranet system. Once a user is authenticated, the system confirms that you match the identity of whoever you claim to be. However, authentication doesn't confirm whether you are authorized to access the resource that you might be trying to access; that is done by Authorization.
Authorization addresses the question " What Can You Do? Authorization is the process of verifying that a user is allowed to access a requested resource. This process determines whether an authenticated user is permitted access to any part of an application, access to specific points of an application, or access only to specified datasets that the application provides.
After all, how can you determine whether someone is allowed to do something if you don't recognize that person's identity. Windows Authentication Overview Form Authentication is a wonderful approach, if you are implementing your own authentication process using a back-end database and a custom page.
But if you are creating a web application for a limited number of users who are already part of a network domain then Windows Authentication is beneficial and the preferred choice for authentication.
Windows-based authentication is manipulated between the Windows server and the client machine. The ASP. Any user's web request goes directly to the IIS server and it provides the authentication process in a Windows-based authentication model. This type of authentication is quite useful in an intranet environment in which users are asked to log into a network. In this scenario, you can utilize the credentials that are already in place for the authentication and authorization process.
This authentication is done by IIS. If this process fails then IIS displays an error and asks to re-enter the login information. The next time the service is used, Credential Manager automatically supplies the credential that is stored in the Windows Vault.
If it is not accepted, the user is prompted for the correct access information. If access is granted with the new credentials, Credential Manager overwrites the previous credential with the new one and then stores the new credential in the Windows Vault. It is present in every Windows operating system; however, when a computer is joined to a domain, Active Directory manages domain accounts in Active Directory domains.
For example, client computers running a Windows operating system participate in a network domain by communicating with a domain controller even when no human user is logged on. To initiate communications, the computer must have an active account in the domain. Before accepting communications from the computer, the LSA on the domain controller authenticates the computer's identity and then constructs the computer's security context just as it does for a human security principal.
This security context defines the identity and capabilities of a user or service on a particular computer or a user, service, or computer on a network. For example, the access token contained within the security context defines the resources such as a file share or printer that can be accessed and the actions such as Read, Write, or Modify that can be performed by that principal - a user, computer, or service on that resource.
The security context of a user or computer can vary from one computer to another, such as when a user logs on to a server or a workstation other than the user's own primary workstation. It can also vary from one session to another, such as when an administrator modifies the user's rights and permissions.
In addition, the security context is usually different when a user or computer is operating on a stand-alone basis, in a network, or as part of an Active Directory domain. When a trust exists between two domains, the authentication mechanisms for each domain rely on the validity of the authentications coming from the other domain. Trusts help to provide controlled access to shared resources in a resource domain the trusting domain by verifying that incoming authentication requests come from a trusted authority the trusted domain.
In this way, trusts act as bridges that let only validated authentication requests travel between domains. How a specific trust passes authentication requests depends on how it is configured.
Trust relationships can be one-way, by providing access from the trusted domain to resources in the trusting domain, or two-way, by providing access from each domain to resources in the other domain. Trusts are also either nontransitive, in which case a trust exists only between the two trust partner domains, or transitive, in which case a trust automatically extends to any other domains that either of the partners trusts.
For information about domain and forest trust relationships regarding authentication, see Delegated Authentication and Trust Relationships. A public key infrastructure PKI is the combination of software, encryption technologies, processes, and services that enable an organization to secure its communications and business transactions.
The ability of a PKI to secure communications and business transactions is based on the exchange of digital certificates between authenticated users and trusted resources. A digital certificate is an electronic document that contains information about the entity it belongs to, the entity it was issued by, a unique serial number or some other unique identification, issuance and expiration dates, and a digital fingerprint.
Authentication is the process of determining if a remote host can be trusted. To establish its trustworthiness, the remote host must provide an acceptable authentication certificate. Remote hosts establish their trustworthiness by obtaining a certificate from a certification authority CA.
The CA can, in turn, have certification from a higher authority, which creates a chain of trust. To determine whether a certificate is trustworthy, an application must determine the identity of the root CA, and then determine if it is trustworthy.
Similarly, the remote host or local computer must determine if the certificate presented by the user or application is authentic. The certificate presented by the user through the LSA and SSPI is evaluated for authenticity on the local computer for local logon, on the network, or on the domain through the certificate stores in Active Directory.
To produce a certificate, authentication data passes through hash algorithms, such as Secure Hash Algorithm 1 SHA1 , to produce a message digest. The message digest is then digitally signed by using the sender's private key to prove that the message digest was produced by the sender. Smart card technology is an example of certificate-based authentication. Logging on to a network with a smart card provides a strong form of authentication because it uses cryptography-based identification and proof of possession when authenticating a user to a domain.
Active Directory Certificate Services AD CS provides the cryptographic-based identification through the issuance of a logon certificate for each smart card. Virtual smart card technology was introduced in Windows 8. In this way, the PC actually becomes the smart card which must receive the user's PIN in order to be authenticated.
Remote and wireless network authentication is another technology that uses certificates for authentication. For information about certificate-based authentication in networking, see Network access authentication and certificates. Windows Authentication Concepts. Feedback will be sent to Microsoft: By pressing the submit button, your feedback will be used to improve Microsoft products and services.
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View all page feedback. Typically, identity is proven by a cryptographic operation that uses either a key only the user knows - as with public key cryptography - or a shared key. The server side of the authentication exchange compares the signed data with a known cryptographic key to validate the authentication attempt.
Storing the cryptographic keys in a secure central location makes the authentication process scalable and maintainable. Active Directory Domain Services is the recommended and default technology for storing identity information including the cryptographic keys that are the user's credentials.
Authentication techniques range from a simple logon, which identifies users based on something that only the user knows - like a password, to more powerful security mechanisms that use something that the user has - like tokens, public key certificates, and biometrics.
In a business environment, services or users might access multiple applications or resources on many types of servers within a single location or across multiple locations. For these reasons, authentication must support environments for other platforms and for other Windows operating systems. In addition, some protocols are combined into authentication packages such as Negotiate and the Credential Security Support Provider.
These protocols and packages enable authentication of users, computers, and services; the authentication process, in turn, enables authorized users and services to access resources in a secure manner. Windows Authentication Concepts. Windows Authentication Architecture. Security Support Provider Interface Architecture. Credentials Processes in Windows Authentication. Windows Authentication is used to verify that the information comes from a trusted source, whether from a person or computer object, such as another computer.
Windows provides many different methods to achieve this goal as described below. The purpose of this document is to provide the reader with an introduction to the mechanisms used by Microsoft Internet Information Services IIS for the Integrated Windows Authentication feature.
This authentication mechanism allows clients to access resources using their Windows credentials and is typically used within corporate environments to provide single sign-on functionality to intranet sites. With NTLM, clients are able to prove their identities without sending a password to the server. NTLM consists of three messages, commonly referred to as Type 1 negotiation , Type 2 challenge and Type 3 authentication.
Challenge: The server replies with a randomly generated "token" or challenge to the client. Authentication: The client generates and hashes a response and sends it to the IIS server. The server receives the challenge-hashed response and compares it to what it knows to be the appropriate response.
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